227 - Le microbiote animal : une question d'équilibre!

Communications orales 09 h 30 → 12 h 00

Microbiote intestinal porcin

• 09 h 30
  Programme partiel du colloque 227 : chaque conférence donnée par un chercheur sera suivie d'une conférence de 15 minutes d'un étudiant membre du CRIP.Consulter le site Web du CRIP.
  Josée Harel (UdeM - Université de Montréal)
• 09 h 45
  Mot de bienvenue au colloque 227 - Le microbiote animal : une question d'équuilibre!
  Philippe Fravalo (UdeM - Université de Montréal)

  Accueil des participants, et courte présenation du Colloque et du CRIP.

• 10 h 00
  Les communautés bactériennes dans l'intestin des porcs : effet de l'âge, des antibiotiques et des infections sur la composition de la flore
  Richard Isaacson (University of Minnesota)

  The microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals is important for their health and well-being. As animals grow and mature, the microbiome composition changes to accommodate structural and physiological changes in the animal. We studied the role that the microbiome plays in pigs and how it changes over time. The work to be presented will cover microbial shifts over time, effects of antimicrobials on flora composition, and the effects of infections on microbiome changes and how these changes may lead to increased shedding of the food borne pathogen Salmonella enterica. Our work supports the concept that succession in microbial composition does occur during the post-weaning period and continues to maturity. Important tools used in pig production include growth promoting antibiotics. These antibiotics appear to increase the rate of microbiome maturation and this could explain how antibiotic growth promoters improve feed conversion. However, their use also can increase resistance to antimicrobials, which is a public health concern. Another function ascribed to the gut microbiome is competitive exclusion of pathogens. We show that infection of pigs with S. enterica alters the composition of the gut microbiome. Moreover, dual infection of pigs with S. enterica and Lawsonia intracellularis results in increased shedding of S. enterica and also in added changes to the gut microbiome. Thus, changes in the gut microbiomes of food animals also could have significant public health effects.

• 10 h 40
  Période de questions
• 11 h 00
  Profilage haute-resolution du microbiote intestinal du porc
  Janet Hill (University of Saskatchewan)

  The complex community of microorganisms comprising the intestinal microbiota of pigs and other animals plays an essential role in host development, immune regulation, nutrition, and protection from infection. During a pig's development, the microbiota undergoes succession to reach the "climax community" of the adult: a process that can be disrupted by interventions such as weaning, medication, or infection, with potentially serious consequences to the animal's health. A comprehensive understanding of the ecology of this environment, and its potential modification to improve health and performance, requires knowledge of both the structure and function of the community. While technological advances in various "-omics" fields have offered new perspectives on the activity of microorganisms, there have been fewer advances in our ability to generate high resolution, representative, taxonomic profiles of the microbiota. The gene encoding the universal 60 kDa chaperonin (CPN60, also known as GroEL or HSP60) has recently been demonstrated to provide a preferred sequence barcode for bacteria, permitting new approaches to taxonomic profiling of microbial communities and enhancing discovery of novel organisms. We are currently exploiting these approaches in studying succession in the gut microbiota of growing pigs and in investigating the role of the microbiota in determining susceptibility to Brachyspira infection.

• 12 h 00
  Dîner

Communications orales 13 h 30 → 15 h 30

Microbiotes non-intestinaux chez les animaux d'élevage

• 13 h 30
  Le microbiome des tonsils du palais mou du porc
  Shaun KERNAGHAN (Université de Guelph), Janet Macinnes (Université de Guelph)

  The tonsil of the soft palate in pigs is a secondary lymphoid tissue that provides a first line of defense against foreign antigens entering by the mouth or nares, but paradoxically, it is also the site of colonization and entry of many bacterial and viral pathogens. Our initial understanding of a limited number of specific microbes present at this site came from culture-based studies. Recently, however, 16S rRNA gene based studies have revealed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes predominate this site with Actinobacillus, Alkanindiges, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Pasteurella, Veillonella, Peptostreptococcus, and Streptococcus making up the majority of reads. In our current studies using T-RFLP analysis, the tonsil microbiome of 128 pigs was evaluated using samples obtained mainly from diseased animals. although it was difficult to obtain unambiguous identification at the genus and species level, it was possible to confirm the predominance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and to detect animal to animal differences. Representative samples for pyrosequencing revealed 151 genera across 9 phyla. In contrast to previous 16S rRNA gene studies, the most prevalent genera were Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Clostridium, Porphyromonas, and Streptococcus. Significant associations were found with community structure and the presence of anemia, abscess, PRRS virus, and Mycoplasma. In the futur, it should be possible to manipulate the microbiome of the tonsil to promote health and reduce disease.

• 14 h 30
  Utilisation de levures probiotiques pour optimiser la stabilité et la fonction du microbiote du rumen : mode d'action et effets sur la santé et les performances animales
  Evelyne Forano (INRA - Institut national de recherche agronomique)

  a venir

• 15 h 30
  Pause

Communications orales 15 h 45 → 16 h 30

Microbiote session 3

• 15 h 45
  Influence du taux de croissance, des probiotiques, des nutraceutiques et des aliments fonctionnels sur le microbiote intestinal des procelets allaités et sevrés
  Martin LESSARD (Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada), Guylaine Talbot (Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada)

  Litter size significantly increased in swine production during the last 20 years and created two problems: 1) increased heterogeneity of piglet growth and development within litter and 2) inadequate supply of nutrients to sustain optimal growth of piglets. Smaller piglets have poorer growth rate and are more prone to intestinal disorders and disease than bigger ones. We are then exploring the gut microbiome of low versus high weight suckling piglets, in order to identify bacterial populations associated with weight gain and intestinal health. In our approach for improvement of weanling piglets' health by minimizing the incidence of intestinal disorders and the use of antibiotics as growth promoters, we are studying combinations of functional molecules for their modulatory properties on the gut microbiome. These molecules, provided to weanling piglets as feed supplements, consist in micronutrients and functional food: cranberry extract, essential oil, colostrum, yeast-derived prebiotics, probiotics, vitamins (A, D and B complex) and organic selenium. We have compared groups of weanling piglets that received the supplemented diets with groups on conventional diet with and without prophylactic antibiotics to determine dietary effects on the gut microbiome and on particular bacterial groups. Several beneficial bacteria associated with particular intestinal sites were identified and increased our understanding of the influence of micronutrients and functional food on intestinal health.

Communications par affiches 16 h 30 → 19 h 00

Cocktail : maillage d'affaire et Compétition des affiches du Colloque 227 et du 6e Symposium du CRIPA

Communications orales 08 h 00 → 10 h 00

6e Symposium du CRIPA

• 08 h 00
  Mot de bienvenue
• 08 h 15
  Accueil des participants au 6e Symposium du CRIP
  Josée Harel (UdeM - Université de Montréal)
• 09 h 00
  Détermination de la structure de la capsule de Streptococcus suis type 14
  Nahuel FITTIPALDI , Marcelo GOTTSCHALK (UdeM - Université de Montréal), Mariela Segura (UdeM - Université de Montréal), Marie-Rose Van Calsteren (Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada)

  Malgré la thérapie antimicrobienne améliorée, les infections humaines et animales avec les bactéries encapsulées continuent à causer de graves problèmes cliniques et économiques. Le polysaccharide capsulaire (CPS) joue un rôle majeur dans la survie des bactéries pathogènes et leurs dissémination dans l'hôte. Le CPS masque des protéines antigéniques sur la surface bactérienne, permettant ainsi l'évasion bactérienne du système immunitaire hôte. Paradoxalement, on considère que des anticorps contre le CPS bactérien sont des éléments essentiels pour ériger la protection de l'hôte et ont servis de base à plusieurs vaccins conjugués efficaces. Streptococcus suis est un pathogène important en industrie porcine et le serotype 2 est responsable d'épisodes récents de zoonose. Ainsi S. suis type 2 a causé des méningites chez des adultes dans quelques pays asiatiques. Outre le serotype 2, le sérotype 14 est aussi considéré comme une menace humaine sérieuse. Le type capsulaire 14 a été fréquement isolé de porcs malade au Québec et un cas humain a été rapporté au Canada en 2009. L'importance de CPS comme un facteur de virulence critique pour S. suis type 2 a été démontré de façon concluante . Cependant, la contribution de CPS à la virulence d'autres types capsulaires n'a jamais été évaluée. C'est pourquoi nous avons déterminé la structure du CPS de type 14.

• 10 h 00
  Pause

Communications orales 10 h 30 → 12 h 30

6e Symposium du CRIPA axe de recherche 2

• 12 h 15
  Lauréats des prix du CRIP
  Josée Harel (UdeM - Université de Montréal)
• 12 h 30
  Dîner

Panel / Atelier 14 h 00 → 17 h 00

Atelier de formation étudiant et professionnel de recherche

Panel / Atelier 14 h 00 → 17 h 00

Réunion des membres du CRIPA